SN-10011 附来源、原文与上下文。
James A. Donald 写道：
James A. Donald wrote:
引用的来信James A. Donald来源 ↗核心概念是，许多实体保存着关于谁拥有哪些比特币的完整而一致的信息。
The core concept is that lots of entities keep complete and consistent information as to who owns which bitcoins.
但保持一致性很棘手。我不清楚，如果有人把一笔交易报告给一位维护者，另一个人又把另一笔交易传给另一位维护者，会发生什么。只有把交易纳入所有历史交易的全网共同视图后，才能知道它是否有效；而只有过了一段时间，又有许多新交易到来之后，才可能知道这个关于所有历史交易的全网共同视图，是否真的是全网共同接受的。
But maintaining consistency is tricky. It is not clear to me what happens when someone reports one transaction to one maintainer, and someone else transports another transaction to another maintainer. The transaction cannot be known to be valid until it has been incorporated into a globally shared view of all past transactions, and no one can know that a globally shared view of all past transactions is globally shared until after some time has passed, and after many new transactions have arrived.
你是否解释过该怎么做，只是我没理解，还是说你确信能做到，但对细节还不太明确？
Did you explain how to do this, and it just passed over my head, or were you confident it could be done, and a bit vague as to the details?
工作量证明链解决了同步问题，也解决了如何在无需信任任何人的情况下，知道全网共同视图是什么的问题。
The proof-of-work chain is the solution to the synchronisation problem, and to knowing what the globally shared view is without having to trust anyone.
交易会很快传播到整个网络，因此如果同一笔交易的两个版本几乎同时被报告，领先的那个版本在抢先到达更多节点方面会占很大优势。节点只接受最先看到的版本，拒绝后到的版本，所以较早的交易会有多得多的节点努力将其纳入下一个工作量证明。实际上，每个节点都是通过把自己最先看到的那笔交易纳入工作量证明的计算，来为自己的看法投票。
A transaction will quickly propagate throughout the network, so if two versions of the same transaction were reported at close to the same time, the one with the head start would have a big advantage in reaching many more nodes first. Nodes will only accept the first one they see, refusing the second one to arrive, so the earlier transaction would have many more nodes working on incorporating it into the next proof-of-work. In effect, each node votes for its viewpoint of which transaction it saw first by including it in its proof-of-work effort.
如果两笔交易确实在完全相同的时间到达，支持它们的节点也正好各占一半，那么结果就是随机的：哪笔先进入工作量证明，哪笔就被判定为有效。
If the transactions did come at exactly the same time and there was an even split, it's a toss up based on which gets into a proof-of-work first, and that decides which is valid.
当一个节点找到工作量证明时，新区块会传播到整个网络，所有人都将它加入链中，并开始计算它之后的下一个区块。之前收到另一笔交易的节点会停止尝试把它纳入区块，因为按照已接受的链，它现在已经无效。
When a node finds a proof-of-work, the new block is propagated throughout the network and everyone adds it to the chain and starts working on the next block after it. Any nodes that had the other transaction will stop trying to include it in a block, since it's now invalid according to the accepted chain.
工作量证明链本身就是它来自全网共同视图的不言自明的证据。只有网络中的多数节点合力，才有足够的 CPU 算力生成难度如此高的工作量证明链。任何用户收到工作量证明链后，都可以看到网络中的多数节点认可了什么。一旦某笔交易经哈希运算被纳入链中的一环，而后面又接上了几环，它就牢牢地刻进了全网历史。
The proof-of-work chain is itself self-evident proof that it came from the globally shared view. Only the majority of the network together has enough CPU power to generate such a difficult chain of proof-of-work. Any user, upon receiving the proof-of-work chain, can see what the majority of the network has approved. Once a transaction is hashed into a link that's a few links back in the chain, it is firmly etched into the global history.
Satoshi Nakamoto
Satoshi Nakamoto
